See related story: Pass the Virtual Scalpel, Nurse

A schematic of the surgery simulation process.
Image: Courtesy of Professor Suvranu De, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Smoke generation using PAFF. In (a) a texture image used for smoke particles is shown. We use a single image frame of size 32- by 32-bit. A sequence of snapshots for smoke generation is shown in (b). In (c) we show smoke generation during the simulation of cauterization on a model of the stomach.
Image: Courtesy of Professor Suvranu De, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
A schematic of the localized PAFF (LPAFF) scheme. In LPAFF, the computations are performed on a local â??hiveâ?? of nodal points which moves with the tool tip.
Image: Courtesy of Professor Suvranu De, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Images of the tool-tissue interactions.
Image: Courtesy of Professor Suvranu De, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute