Gallery: Shipwreck Science: 7 Great Underwater Finds
01revisiting-the-titanic
Time capsule, detective mystery and adventure story rolled into one, a shipwreck captures the imagination: A few hundred underwater years turns even a simple trading ship into a vessel from a lost world. Contrasting with that antiquity are the tools of modern marine archaeologists, who use high-powered sonar, submersible robots, image-stitching software and cutting-edge imaging techniques to investigate the wrecks. On the following pages, Wired takes a look at our favorite finds. __Above and below:__ *Titanic* Revisited ------------------- To mark the 100th anniversary of the *Titanic*'s epic sinking, researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute led an expedition to its North Atlantic grave. Autonomous underwater vehicles acquired hundreds of high-resolution photographs that were later stitched together into the largest images taken of the ship since its fateful launch. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2012/06/titanic_prow.jpg) *Images: 1) A mosaic of the ship's front stern and bow sections, which broke apart and landed separately on the seafloor but here are digitally reunited. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution/NOAA) 2) Mosaic photograph of the Titanic's prow. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution/NOAA)*
02the-ghost-ship
The Ghost Ship -------------- The Baltic Sea's floor is a marine archaeologist's delight: Shipworms and other wood-gobbling organisms can't survive in its cold, brackish water, and sunken ships are preserved intact for centuries. "Archaeology is often about research and reconstruction of scarcely distinguishable residues, hard-to-interpret remnants or crumbling ruins. Not so with the Ghost Ship," wrote Swedish archaeologists Niklas Eriksson and Johann Rönnby of this 17th century Dutch trading vessel, its name a reference to its uncanny degree of preservation. "The Ghost Ship is an exceptional maritime archaeological find, which in terms of its state of preservation probably has few equals in the world." Carved knightheads, a structural element used to tie mooring lines to a ship's bow, are visible in the photo above. Archaeologists hope the ship will teach them about the techniques of Dutch shipbuilders, who by the 17th century were among the world's finest, helping the tiny nation define itself in a newly globalized world. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2012/06/baltic_fluyt.jpg) *Image: 1) Marin Mätteknik/Deep Sea Productions/Niklas Eriksson & Johan Rönnby/International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 2) Three-dimensional model of the ship. (Marin Mätteknik)* *Citation: ["'The Ghost Ship.' An Intact Fluyt from c.1650 in the Middle of the Baltic Sea."](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2012.00342.x/full) By Niklas Eriksson and Johan Rönnby. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, March 30, 2012.*
03a-clocks-tale
A Clock's Tale -------------- When this pocketwatch was found in the wreckage of the *Swan*, a British warship sunk off the west coast of Scotland in the 17th century, it appeared unsalvageable. Corrosion and mineral accumulations had turned it into a rust-hued, barnacle-studded hunk of rock and metal. A different picture emerged, however, when the watch was set in the beams of a high-precision microfocus X-ray computed-tomography system -- something like a medical CAT scanner or x-ray machine, but capable of higher resolutions and three-dimensional detail. Beneath the encrustations remained the watch's delicate machinery and even its maker's engraving: "Niccholas Higginson of Westminster." Historical records show that Niccholas Higginson was indeed a London clockmaker who in 1656 refused to pay guild membership fees and moved his trade outside the city, where he was free to run his own business. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2012/06/swan_watch2.png) *Images: 1) 3D-CT image of the watch and its inner mechanisms. (Trustees of the National Monuments Service/Troalen et al., International Journal of Nautical Archaeology) 2) Floral decoration and Higginson's engraving. (Trustees of the National Monuments Service/Troalen et al., International Journal of Nautical Archaeology)* *Citation: "Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography X-Radiographic Investigation of a 17th-Century Watch from the Wreck of the Swan, off Duart Point, Mull, Scotland." By Lore G. Troalen, Darren Cox, Theo Skinner, Andrew Ramsey and David Bate. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 39 No. 1, March 2010.*
04bulk-shipping
Bulk Shipping ------------- Rewind 2,400 years and shipping containers, those corrugated rectangular icons of modernity, took the form of amphora, a vase-shaped pottery used to transport goods across the Mediterranean. In this shipwreck, found off the southern coast of Cyprus and dated to 4th century BC, amphorae are stacked in the outline of the ship that carried them. The design is characteristic of the Greek island of Chios, and the cargo was likely Chian wine, celebrated as the finest vintages of the Classical world. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2012/06/mazatos_3d.jpg) *Citation: "The 4th-Century-BC Mazotos Shipwreck, Cyprus: a preliminary report." By Stella Demesticha. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 40 No.1, March 2011.* *Images: 1) Photomosaic of the wreck and its cargo. (Bruce Hartzler/University of Cyprus, Archaeological Research Unit/Stella Demesticha) 2) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the wreck. (Foteini Vlachaki and Markos Garras/University of Cyprus, Archaeological Research Unit/Stella Demesticha)*
05blackbeards-horn
Blackbeard's Horn ----------------- In 1996, archaeologists found the wreckage of an early 18th century battleship just off the coast of North Carolina. Only one ship that size was known lost in the area: the *Queen Anne's Revenge*, used by none other than Edward Teach, better known as the infamous pirate Blackbeard. With a flag depicting a skeleton spearing a heart while toasting the devil, Blackbeard was renowned for his ferocity. The *Queen Anne's Revenge* sank -- or, some say, was intentionally abandoned -- just weeks after Blackbeard's crew terrorized the city of Charleston, kidnapping prominent citizens and ransoming them for medicine. The wreck has returned a bounty of piratical devices, including cannons retrofitted to fire bags of nails. Less diabolical is what appears to be a leather-bound horn, perhaps blown by Blackbeard himself. *Citation: "Identification of Suspected Horn from the Queen Anne's Revenge (1718), North Carolina, USA." By Wendy Welsh, Brianna Biscardi, Thomas Fink, Sarah Watkins-Kenney and Anthony Kennedy. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Volume 41, Issue 1, March 2012.* *Image: Scanning electron microscope image of the horn. (Welsh et al./International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.)*
06shipwreck-alley
Thunder Bay's Wrecks -------------------- The floors of the Great Lakes are a cross-section of marine history, their ice-cold waters preserving the sunken remains of Native American craft, European trading vessels and the cargo freighters of pre-industrial America. Many of the wrecks were discovered and mapped during research by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. One such wreck is the *EB Allen*, a wooden schooner that sank in 1871 in northwestern Lake Huron, a treacherous area known as Shipwreck Alley. The *EB Allen* and six other historically significant ships [can now be toured online in 3-D](http://www.thunderbaywrecks.com/thunder-bay-wrecks.php). [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2012/06/eb_allen3d.jpg) *Images: 1) The EB Allen's windlass, a machine used to lift heavy weights. (NOAA) 2) 3D view of the EB Allen's bow. (NOAA)*
07the-monitors-new-mission
The *Monitor*'s New Mission --------------------------- Known as the ship that launched a modern Navy, the USS *Monitor*'s iron armoring and 360 degree-swiveling gun turret were revolutionary in 1862, when it was launched by Union forces in the US Civil War. The ship sank later that year off the coast of North Carolina, and it was only [found a century later](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1975.tb00920.x/abstract). In 1975 the *Monitor* was federally designated as a marine sanctuary and now teems with aquatic life. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2012/06/uss_monitor2.jpg) *Images: 1) Officers and gun turret aboard the Monitor. (US Navy) 2) The Monitor's wreckage. (NOAA)*
