Adding Wi-Fi doesn’t always turn out to be as smart as it sounds. A smart smoke detector turns out to be dumber than I thought, even with Wi-Fi added.
Smart smoke detectors will let you know if a fire breaks out when you aren't home, but other than that they don't offer any extra benefits over a “dumb” model. And these devices introduce a problem: Most smart smoke detectors exclude one of two sensors to alert you about a fire. Every smart model I tested had only a photoelectric sensor, which picks up smoldering fires, while ionization sensors that pick up fast-burning fires were left behind. Ionization sensors are more likely to have nuisance alarms go off (while you're cooking, for example), but it's still a sensor you should have somewhere in your home, especially since modern building materials have shortened your window of time to escape a home fire.
It's not to say smart smoke detectors are useless, since what matters most is having a working smoke detector at all. A photoelectric-only smoke detector is still a good smoke detector and will pick up smoldering electrical fires in your walls and similar-style smoke. Still, you'll want to make sure there is an ionization sensor or two in your home, more so than needing a Wi-Fi model added. There are dual-sensor smoke detectors you can get too, but no smart models just yet with both sensors. Here's everything you need to know if you're considering getting a smart smoke detector for your home.
Does a Smoke Alarm Need to Be Smart?
You already know what a smoke alarm is: a device that sits on the ceiling (or sometimes high up on a wall) to alert you if it senses smoke in a home or building. Most buildings, whether residential or commercial, come equipped with modern smoke alarms to match current codes. In recent years, it's been another device to go “smart,” or at least become Wi-Fi compatible. It's not smart the way a smart thermostat would be, since you can't meaningfully exert control over it over Wi-Fi. You'll simply get alerts on your smartphone of choice when smoke is detected, so you'll know if a fire happens while you aren't home, in addition to the blaring of the regular alarm.
Is it necessary? No, but it's a nice-to-have feature to get alerted, no matter where you are, if smoke is detected. But it's not required to make these devices function, and it won't help you with the speed at which fires are moving through newer homes.
“While newer smart features like Wi-Fi alerts and app connectivity can be convenient, they’re not essential for safety,” says Steve Clemente, president and COO at Mister Sparky, an electrical services company. “A well-placed, properly powered detector will do far more to protect your home than extra features like air quality monitoring. One exception worth considering is a combo smoke and carbon monoxide detector, which adds an extra layer of protection.”
How Do Smoke Alarms Work?
Smoke alarms have built-in sensors to sniff out smoke in your home. There are two primary sensors included: photoelectric and ionization. “Photoelectric models are better at sensing slow, smoldering fires—like upholstery or wiring—while ionization models respond faster to quick, flaming fires,” says Clemente.
He says neither is universally better, and rather the two styles are complementary. The National Fire Protection Association recommends having both types of smoke alarm sensors in your home, or a smoke alarm that has both sensors built into it (these are usually called dual-sensor smoke alarms). The NFPA doesn't have any specific codes about which type of sensor you need to put in your home, but a spokesperson did recommend putting photoelectric smoke alarms near kitchens and bathrooms, since they're less likely to be set off by daily use in these rooms (things like steam and cooking smoke are more likely to set off an ionization alarm).
However, all the smart models I tested included only photoelectric sensors. As I continued researching, most smart smoke alarms seem to only include photoelectric sensors, leaving out ionization altogether. It's likely because of the sensitivity of ionization alarms. That's a problem for me after talking to Nicole Sanders, public education lead for UL Research Institutes’ Fire Safety Research Institute, who warned me that new data shows you might only have three minutes to escape a house fire.
"We chose a photoelectric sensing approach because it provides the best real-world balance between detecting actual fire events and minimizing nuisance alarms, something that’s critical in everyday home environments," said a spokesperson from Place. “Ionization-based alarms have historically been more prone to false alarms from common sources like cooking, which can lead to people silencing or disabling their alarms altogether. Our goal was to build a system people can trust and live with every day.”
Clemente also said he'd choose photoelectric if he couldn't have both sensors. “I would recommend hard-wired dual sensor devices,” says Clemente. “If I could only pick one … I would go photoelectric.”
But if you fill your home with only smart smoke detectors, you won't have any ionization sensors. For that reason alone, I'd recommend having at least one “dumb” smoke detector with either a dual sensor or ionization. You can put a smart smoke detector listener like this one from Ring to recapture the smart aspect.
Placement Over Intelligence
What's more important than powering your smoke alarm with Wi-Fi is having one in the first place and making sure it's in the right spot. All the experts I spoke with reiterated the same thing: A smoke detector's placement is one of the most important factors in how safe it keeps you.
“One of the most common mistakes homeowners make is mounting detectors too close to cooking areas,” says Andy Bozzo, battalion chief with the Contra Costa County Fire Protection District. “Cooking inevitably produces smoke that can set off smoke detectors, [which] in turn can annoy and desensitize occupants to the alarm sound.”
Sanders recommends installing smoke alarms at least 10 feet away from cooking appliances. You should also place smoke alarms on ceilings, or high on the wall, though a wall-mounted smoke alarm should be one foot away from the ceiling. You also don't want your smoke alarms placed near windows, doors, or ducts that can provide drafts and interfere with the ability to pick up smoke as quickly as it needs to.
How Long Do You Have to Escape?
Whether or not you choose a Wi-Fi-enabled smoke alarm, or land on a photoelectric sensor over ionization (or splurge on a dual-sensor), it's just important you have a working smoke alarm in your home. Every minute matters to escape home fires, especially because that time to escape is getting smaller.
“Our research shows that decades ago, you had 17 minutes to escape from a home fire," says Sanders. “Because of changes in how we build our homes and the use of synthetic materials, today that time could be three minutes or less from the time the fire starts.”
The NFPA confirms experts have told them the same statistic. Whether or not you choose a smart smoke alarm, make sure you have smoke alarms in your home that are regularly tested and up to code.
Smart Smoke Alarms We Like
Set on adding a smart smoke alarm to your home? I have tested the ones below and found that they work well for what they are.
If you liked the look of the Nest Protect, the next closest thing you can get is now made by First Alert. Google discontinued the Nest Protect last year and is now partnering with First Alert for its smoke alarms. The SC5 was designed to work with the Nest Protect's mounting bracket, so existing users won't need to mount anything new, and the overall design is a callback to the original device. It's easy to install and use, and it has both a hardwired and battery option and will also detect carbon monoxide. It conforms to UL 217 9th Edition and UL 2034 standards. It's (obviously) designed for Nest and Google Home users, so if you're more of an Amazon user (or better yet, a Ring user), try the smart smoke alarm below instead.
Kidde is another fire safety brand that has partnered with a smart home ecosystem to make a smart smoke detector. Designed for Amazon's Ring ecosystem, this is a great option if you're already a Ring user and want to use the Ring app for your notifications, but you can also use it with Kidde's app. It's easy to install, has both battery and hardwire options, and has a built-in carbon monoxide detector. It uses a photoelectric sensor and meets several codes, including UL 217, UL 2034, NFPA 72, NFPA 101 (one- and two-family dwellings), Federal Housing Authority (FHA), and Housing and Urban Development.
If you're looking for something a little more unique, Place is a newcomer for smart smoke alarms. Gentex created the brand last year with its line of unique smoke alarms designed for individual rooms in the home, and with added features. The base Any Space Unit includes a motion sensor, temperature sensor, and a nightlight, but there's also the Kitchen Unit ($250) that adds on methane VOC detection, while the Nursery Unit ($350) adds a camera, two-way intercom, white noise generator, and an air quality monitor. There's even the Garage Unit ($300), which isn't a smoke detector but a heat detector with a security camera. It's a unique suite of solutions, and all are hardwired only. The Any Space meets the UL217 code and uses a photoelectric sensor to detect smoke.
How I Tested Smart Smoke Alarms
After installing these smoke alarms on my ceiling, I tested the alarm on each one with the standard test button method, either on the device or in the app. I also then tried to set off the device by generating smoke to see how sensitive the smoke alarms are, but blowing out multiple candles and setting a handful of paper on fire got me no results. This isn't surprising given that the smart smoke alarms I tested all had photoelectric sensors, which aren't as sensitive to flaming fires (which the paper fire I started generated, before quickly burning out) or the minimal smoke from candles. For my next update, I'll be testing with aerosol smoke to better replicate the smoke level you'd see in a home fire.
FAQs
How Many Smoke Alarms Does Your Home Need?
NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code requires at least one smoke alarm on every level of the home, in each bedroom, and near all sleeping areas. Modern homes likely have plenty of smoke alarms placed in those locations, but if you have an older home, you might need to check if you have smoke alarms everywhere you need them.
What Certifications Should Smoke Alarms Have?
The National Fire Protection Association requires all smoke alarms to be UL-listed, specifically listed to UL 217. All models we tested had this listing, if not additional UL listings.
What Should You Not Do With Your Smoke Alarm, Smart or Not?
Don't set it and forget it. Sanders says smoke alarms should be tested at least twice a year and replaced when necessary based on the manufacturer's recommendations or if it fails your tests. You usually need to replace a smoke alarm every 10 years, and there should be an expiration date on your alarms that are already installed.
How Often Do You Need to Replace Your Smoke Alarm's Batteries?
We've all been there: The smoke alarm won't stop beeping to warn us that the batteries are dying, whether it's a battery-powered device or the batteries are its backup power source. Either way, don't just take out the batteries and move on with your life—you have the detector for a reason.
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