Anthropologist Fact Checks Stone Age Slop

This is slop.

This is not a 60,000-year-old human.

[upbeat music]

Look at this guy.

It's just a chimpanzee with sort of a nice hairdo.

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Why make up all this slop when you

actually have good archeology?

I'm an anthropologist and I study human evolution.

Let's fact-check some AI slop.

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Okay, let's watch this first video.

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[Narrator 1] What would happen

if you were raised by Neanderthals?

What would happen if you were raised by Neanderthals

and you were a see-through glass skeleton?

Let's find out.

[Narrator 1] Age one, you survived the brutal winter.

Their high-calorie diet of raw marrow and fat.

Human at one years of age

would've been cared for by Neanderthals, probably,

but at one years of age,

you're chomping down with a fully adult teeth.

[Narrator 1] Age five,

you're already as strong as a modern-day adult.

Well, that's just BS.

Come on, people.

[Narrator 1] You learn to make fire or you freeze.

At five, you learn to make fire or you freeze.

Did they throw the kid back out?

Was he not just living

with the whole group in the cave making fires?

What happened here?

[Narrator 1] Neanderthals don't use bows,

they get close.

No, bows are pretty recent,

probably 30, 40, 50,000 years old.

And we don't have any evidence that Neanderthals used them.

But Neanderthals did throw spears, that's for sure.

[Narrator 1] You are a biological tank.

Your bones are 30% thicker than a modern human.

To say that the Neanderthal

is just much larger than humans,

first of all is wrong.

Second of all, Neanderthals vary themselves as well.

They were not biological tanks.

They were people, a lot like us.

[Narrator 1] 40,000 years later,

scientists find your frozen remains.

Okay, let's talk about this for a minute.

Are we gonna find some ancestor perfectly frozen in ice?

No, that's impossible, right?

The individual had to die,

or be crushed, or be stepped on,

or sort of be desiccated and sort of degrade.

What we have found is dried skin, mummified individuals,

and in bogs, sometimes the bodies

and the skin and the hair are preserved,

but those are a few thousand years old,

maybe 6, 7, 8,000 in some cases,

but no older than that.

So we do find mummies, we do find remains,

but a flash-frozen individual, not gonna happen.

What we do find are animals up in the far north

that have fallen into the mud pit or a quicksand or a bog,

and they get frozen.

Those desiccated animals are really fascinating,

but they're not flash-frozen organisms.

Okay, next.

[Narrator 2] The first humans were the.

So let me just start right away.

There's a orangutan face, there's a human face,

there's a gorilla face, there's a chimpanzee face

on a bunch of human bodies.

[Narrator 2] They emerged in Africa

around 300,000 years ago and spread across.

Okay, we're all sitting around a fire here.

If you look at this guy, like, right here in the middle,

that's sort of a mashup

of a human and an old chimpanzee face.

Yeah, it never existed, right?

This guy over here on the end,

well, that's like a Homo erectus,

or maybe someone from North Africa today,

you can't quite see.

Here you got a guy from South Pacific probably,

and then in the back looking really bored here,

you got some dude who probably lived

maybe 10 or 15,000 years ago in Northern Europe.

[Narrator 2] Their ability to communicate

by developing language allowed them

to transmit their culture more effectively.

So it turns out that whales, apes, wolves, crows,

a whole bunch of different things communicate

through things like language.

That's not just us.

The AI slop here is trying to make humans totally different

from everything else.

[Narrator 2] Cultural expressions such as art, music,

and ritual. Okay,

and this is my favorite face here.

Let's take a closer look at this guy.

That prognathic jaw,

see, right, like, around the face where it's sticking out?

Okay, that sticking out didn't happen

with this size head and this size eyes

and this structure of ears and forehead.

So it turns out that nothing in the fossil record

looks like this.

It's been two and a half million years

since we had anything like that.

It's not just the face on this.

It has all of this beads and some art stuff.

This particular stuff that he's wearing,

that's contemporary.

That is directly lifted off of people living today.

Okay, let's move on.

[Narrator 3] Why did humans lose most of their hair?

That's a really good question.

[Narrator 3] At first, the answer seems obvious.

Many important stages of human evolution

happened in hot environments.

Lots of things live in hot environments

and have tons of hair.

So nope, that's not it.

[Narrator 3] Researchers such as Peter Wheeler argued

that reduced body hair

combined with sweating and upright walking

may have helped early humans release heat more efficiently.

I mean, that's debated.

There's tons of other animals

that also release heat pretty efficiently with tons of hair.

Let's think about cheetahs,

let's think about every other primate, giraffes.

All of those things do pretty well covered with hair

out on the savanna.

[Narrator 3] Compared to other primates,

humans evolved exceptionally dense eccrine sweat glands.

So it is true,

we are a very sweaty species.

That's a good point.

[Narrator 3] Efficient cooling

may have helped early humans remain active in heat

for longer periods during long-distance movement

and endurance running.

So there are folks who really argue this,

that this is a big part of our evolution,

that it was endurance running

so that we could hunt things

and run after them till they got tired

and we stabbed them to death and ate them.

That's a possibility, but it's not definitive.

A lot of things move long distances

with hair on their bodies.

Like wildebeest, they migrate over hundreds of miles.

I love this AI slop,

particularly because it shows some dude,

maybe a million years ago,

running across the savanna by himself.

There was tons of other animals,

saber-toothed cats, giant eagles,

and huge hyenas, all waiting to eat you.

You know what the sure way to get dead is?

Run across the savanna by yourself

when there are 16 giant felids out there.

One thing humans did do is hang out together,

and that was really important.

This guy may be running from a pack of lions chasing him.

[Narrator 3] Another hypothesis suggests

that reduced body hair

may also have lowered the burden of parasites.

[Agustin sighs]

Okay. Humans have our own species of lice.

We have lice that evolved just for us.

So reducing the parasites

by getting rid of most of our body hair,

bad move, didn't work.

Plus most of the parasites

that bother primates in general and humans in specific

burrow into our skin or live in our intestines.

Losing hair might have cut down on the number of fleas,

but the moment we put clothes on,

we brought those fleas right back.

As human groups became increasingly social,

we have good evidence we got more parasites,

more ticks, more life, more fleas

'cause we're hanging out together, wearing fur,

and sleeping and living together in the same places.

[Narrator 3] And then comes the strangest part,

humans never became truly hairless.

Yeah, we're mammals.

[Narrator 3] Recent research led by Tina Lasisi

suggests that scalp.

The research they're about to reference is Tina Lasisi,

a wonderful scholar who's done incredible work

on hair evolution and things like that.

They have her here as Tina Lacey, which is wrong.

Tightly curled hair appears especially effective

at reducing heat gain from direct sunlight.

So tightly curled hair,

and this is work by Tina Lasisi and other colleagues,

tightly curled hair, dark hair,

certain different kinds of hair actually protect the scalp

better than sort of loose hair

and especially lighter-colored hair.

[Narrator 3] Different parts of the body

may have faced different evolutionary pressures:

cooling, protection, scent,

or social signaling.

Looking at this, this is a modern cut,

both of hair and of clothes.

This clothing cut doesn't make any sense.

If you're gonna drape something over your body,

it should cover your legs, right?

It should go all the way down to protect you,

or to stay warm or what have you.

When we look at the hair here,

this hair looks combed,

it looks well placed in that bun,

and it was probably a lot messier than that.

Okay, let's move on.

30,000 BC, Altai region of Siberia,

the last Ice Age.

I am a complete stranger approaching their home.

I'm just gonna walk in slowly, calmly,

and hope for the best.

So this I really like

'cause this is always under the assumption

that, you know, there's this universal gestural language,

what there sort of is in humans,

but I like these guys here

and clearly they're, you know, from what they look like,

you know, Mongolia or Central Asia,

something like that.

And this weird white chick shows up

in a very nicely knitted outfit.

If I were these guys,

I'd be a little bit more freaked out.

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So this is a really cool reconstruction of houses or huts

that we've found for 60, 70, 80,000 years,

maybe even older.

And these are skins and tarps with mammoth tusks

and sort of wood internal structuring.

It's hard to build and it's really cool.

You know, when you put a fire in there

and you let the sort of smoke go out the middle of the hole,

it's pretty warm.

[tense music] [fire crackling]

Let's take a close look at that pot there.

The pot has fur lining.

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So the one thing that is accurate here

and I think is really important is

throughout history up through today,

when some stranger walks into a small village

or something like that,

most of the time people do help them.

Eating mystery meat again.

So the whole idea of meat on a stick,

I find very funny

because yes, that's one way to cook a sort of meat.

People have frequently made

these sort of latticework things

that sort of compressed the meat

and put it out and hung it over.

Also, a very common way of cooking meat through today

is to have stones right next to the fire

that get really hot.

And then rather than risking the meat falling off

on a stick or something,

put the meat on the stones

and it cooks it really well.

I mean, for 10,000 years ago,

this is okay.

Let's take a look at his clothes.

The stitching is way too refined,

but something like this has been around

for probably thousands of years.

I mean, this could be a few hundred years ago in Mongolia.

This could be, you know, 8 to 10 to 12,000 years ago

when there was a cooling off.

This could be 100,000 years ago,

but the problem is 100,000 years ago,

we didn't have these kinds of containers.

We didn't have this kind of stuff.

This looks like a contemporary hunter gatherer village.

This person could have actually bought a plane ticket

and gone to Mongolia

and go hung out with some of the reindeer herders

that live a part of the year out in the rough.

[Agustin grunts]

All right, next.

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[tense music] [singers vocalizing]

Oh, no,

this one has six million views.

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Homo habilis here is a dude, always,

holding a arrowhead, a stone arrowhead mounted on a stick.

We don't have any evidence of this kind of mounting

till much later.

That Homo habilis at 2.4 million years

was not making that kind of refined arrowhead.

He's from 2.4 million years ago,

but that arrowhead and that mounting on a stick is not.

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And here we have the weightlifter-class Homo erectus.

This guy is really jacked and really squat.

Homo erectus, a big difference that we start to see

is they're taller and more slender in some cases,

especially the ones that we find in East Africa

and things like that.

[tense music] [singers vocalizing]

Here we are with Neanderthals at 400,000 with a nice beard.

Now we don't know if Neanderthals had beards or not,

but we do know they probably

didn't spend a lot of time grooming them.

They didn't have the tools for that.

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Early Homo sapiens gathering water,

of the entire thing, this is probably the most accurate

because it's a dude who looks like us with dark skin,

which is what most of humanity has for most of our history.

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And the cognitive revolution at 70,000.

There are a lot of people writing books about this,

a lot of people who believe that,

it is totally incorrect.

No, cave art is older than that.

Figurines come around that time.

Carving on bones, 100,000 years earlier,

beads, 128,000 years ago.

The whole idea that out of nowhere, boom,

70,000 years ago we got smart and did cool stuff like art

is simply not true.

Our ancestors did amazing stuff

for hundreds of thousands of years,

piling on, changing things,

being creative, being imaginative.

And to take that away from them is to take away the story

of who we are.

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Anyway, so we have a dude here at 12,000 years ago

sort of furrowing things.

Yes, about 14,000, 10,000, 12,000 years ago,

many communities around the planet

started domesticating plants, started doing agriculture,

but many, many, many human communities did not and never do.

So the whole idea

that humans just automatically shifted over to agriculture,

not true and very AI sloppy

'cause it makes us think of people today

or in the recent past who weren't doing agriculture

as less than, as primitive, as different.

And that's simply not true.

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[Narrator 4] Early humans followed

what we now call the paleo diet.

So this is not a paleo diet.

These fruits we're seeing,

these bananas, the lemon, the oranges, the avocado,

these are domesticated fruits.

It's really only the last few thousand years

some of these fruits even existed.

I once was around a wild banana,

the old kind of bananas before they were modified by humans.

It's a little banana filled with pebbles,

basically, seeds.

You can't eat any of it.

[Narrator 4] Fruits and wild plants

with zero processed grains or sugars.

Yes, zero processed grains or sugars

because all of that is new.

Grains didn't exist.

Humans created grains.

We got into relationship with the ancestors of wheat,

the ancestors of rice, the ancestors of barley and sorghum,

and we messed with them and they messed with us

and we co-created cereals.

Before 8 to 10,000 years ago,

rice didn't exist.

Squashes, about 12,000 years.

I love a good red, delicious apple.

That didn't exist a few hundred years ago.

Our ancestors didn't eat processed food

because there was no processed food.

They did what's called foraging.

They moved around their landscape

and they saw what's out there and they got it.

Grasses, fruits to grow on trees, bark,

things like that that you can eat.

And every now and then, you hunted,

usually small animals or maybe fish,

or maybe crawfish or something like that.

Humans didn't run around stabbing mammoths all the time.

So what is the paleo diet?

It's everything that was out there.

Wherever humans were, they ate what they could get.

Next video.

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[Narrator 5] Around 60,000 years ago

in the heart of Africa.

Look at these well-shaped blocks around this fire pit.

That's a contemporary fire pit.

[Narrator 5] The rains were becoming scarce

and conflicts with neighboring tribes were on the rise.

What?

We don't actually have any good evidence

of large-scale conflict between groups.

Until about 14,000 years ago,

we have evidence of, like, warfare-type stuff,

but like, massive fights between tribes

caused by resource stress or climate change,

we don't have any evidence of that for a long time.

[Narrator 5] They crossed the African plains.

It says modern humans 60,000 years ago

and it's showing us different pictures

of really, really different kinds of things, of organisms.

For the last couple million years,

particularly throughout Sub-Saharan Africa,

there were different kinds of humans

and human-related stuff

Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo erectus, Homo ergaster,

different kinds of Homo sapiens

living in and around the same place.

Did they fight?

Did they get long?

Did they have sex?

Probably all of the above.

[Narrator 5] And traversed deserts until they.

Okay, why are a bunch of wolves walking with these dudes?

Now, what's really fascinating

is over the last 30, 40,000 years,

humans and wolves got together and hung out.

That's how we got dogs, right?

That's how we got this mutual relationship.

That's how we got awesome pets and friends.

When humans and dogs look at each other in the face

and one of us yawns,

the other one catches that yawn.

Humans and dogs have a credible close relationship,

but we weren't walking around together 60,000 years ago.

[Narrator 5] They reached the shores of the Red Sea.

There, they built simple boats from tree trunks

and crossed to the other side to the Arabian Peninsula.

Okay, first of all,

humans invented rafts or boats or things

to get across open water well before 60,000 years ago,

we have people in Australia

and out on the islands, throughout Indonesia.

But what's really weird,

this is like an ape guy.

This looks like Planet of the Apes again.

This is not a 60,000-year-old human.

And you know, let's go down here to this rope.

Like, they probably had rope 60,000 years ago,

but this is, like, industrial-grade ship rope

and look at these finely milled logs.

This image is slop.

We have all of this good archeology out there.

Why invent garbage when you actually have science?

Okay, let's move on.

[chime rings] [keycap clacks]

[Narrator 6] 40,000 years ago,

Homo sapiens spread across Europe

and another kind of human slowly vanished.

Yeah, that's close.

Most people think that most Neanderthals disappeared

around 40,000 years ago,

and it wasn't that there was massive climate change

or a bunch of humans came in and wiped them out

because 24, 25, 26,000 years ago,

there still were some groups of Neanderthals,

maybe in Gibraltar and in a few other areas.

So 40,000, eh.

[keycap clacks] [chime rings]

[Narrator 6] What if Neanderthals never disappeared?

I mean, if you look at this guy,

that's sort of the classic Neanderthal

that we though all Neanderthals looked like 60, 70 years ago

when we just found out about them.

They're always with the big brows

and sort of brutish-looking.

That's not the way a lot of 'em look.

It turns out that the first Neanderthal we found

was an old man who sort of had a bunch of bone damage

and stuff like that,

but was sort of heavy and chunky.

Then we found a lot of Neanderthals that weren't so chunky,

that weren't so big, that were all over the place.

What you really got to realize is

if you put 10 Neanderthal skeletons and 10 human skeletons,

they'd all look sort of different.

There's a huge range of variation in us

and a huge range of variation in Neanderthals

that's not here.

Their skulls were a little bit different,

but not that different.

Here, it's just too simple

and it makes it look like Neanderthals and humans

were two totally different kinds of things.

[Narrator 6] A sapiens clan found a Neanderthal family

inside the cave they needed.

Both groups were freezing.

Did they hang out in a cave together?

At least a few times because many of us have Neanderthal DNA

and it's not just from one chance meeting.

This happened again and again,

probably over tens of thousands of years

where Neanderthals and humans got together, lived together,

or at least hung out and had sex.

Next.

[chime rings] [keycap clacks]

Oh, by the way,

this video got three million views.

So this is Purgatorius and Teilhardina.

These are supposed to be early primates

deep in our ancestry,

except one looked very much like an animal living today.

And this one we have right here that they call Teilhardina

that's supposed to have lived like 50 million years ago,

this is a squirrel monkey from today.

Yes, this species lived 50 million years ago,

but it looked nothing like a squirrel monkey from today.

And then we have Eosimias,

which is one of my favorite fossil primates,

45 million years old.

We found these really cool teeth and some of these bones,

and then they recreate it

to look basically like a rhesus macaque monkey living today.

Come on, we have the bones,

we have the teeth, we can do better.

[chime rings] [keycap clacks]

[gentle music]

And Proconsul, which I really like,

this is one of the earliest apes.

This is probably a deep, deep, deep ancestor

of humans itself,

but this is a chimpanzee.

That's not Proconsul.

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And Sahelanthropus, one of the first hominins,

and that's just an old chimpanzee,

not even original.

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And here we have Orrorin tugenensis,

maybe one of the first bipedal hominin-like things

deep in our ancestry.

And again, it's just a chimpanzee

standing up on his hind limbs with sort of a nice hairdo.

[keycap clacks] [gentle music]

Now here's Ardipithecus.

We've got some really fascinating skeletal material,

fossils of Ardipithecus,

and Ardipithecus, as far as we can tell,

was not a blonde chimpanzee wandering around.

[keycap clacks] [gentle music]

Australopithecus afarensis.

So what's cool about this video

is it has sort of the dates right

and the names right for sure,

but the representation, the images,

I mean, it is slop.

This is my favorite one

because here we have

the blonde-furred Australopithecus afarensis.

This is the famous Lucy, right,

that they're sort of representing here.

This is the closest this video comes to something possibly

as to what Lucy could have looked like.

[keycap clacks] [gentle music]

And now Homo habilis.

There's a lot of problems here.

Does show something absolutely important

to Homo habilis and all humans, stone tools.

Homo habilis did make stuff just like this.

This is a fairly old stone tool,

two million years old or so, something like that maybe.

They were a rock, right?

Just a rock.

Inside that rock are these edges and these cool shapes.

And what's really amazing

is that our ancestors saw this rock, looked at it,

and recognized that inside was something else,

a tool.

But what this gets totally wrong

is that stone tools show up about a million and a half years

before Homo habilis does.

[keycap clacks] [gentle music]

And now of course, Homo erectus.

For some reason, the moment we become human,

we start wearing, like, underwear or something like that

that covers us up.

That's just very weird.

They still have him with a bunch of hair

and a really big head for his body.

Here's what Homo erectus might have really looked like.

[keycap clacks] [gentle music]

Ah, Homo heidelbergensis,

sort of archaic Homo sapiens,

maybe 400,000 years ago, 500,000 years ago.

This is probably what Homo heidelbergensis

really looked like.

[keycap clacks] [gentle music]

And early Homo sapiens.

Now we have a very well-groomed beard on this guy

who's carrying a nicer spear,

but this is a big problem with AI slop.

Reconstructions of early humans

give them light skin and lightish hair.

Most of humanity still has neither of those things,

and in the past,

light skin and light hair were extremely rare

and don't start really showing up

to the last few hundred thousand years.

[keycap clacks] [gentle music]

And modern Homo sapiens.

Mr. Beast is the example of contemporary Homo sapiens.

I mean, look at this guy.

This is one of the rarest versions

of humanity on the planet.

Almost none of the eight billion of us, right,

are sort of blonde with short hair

and a little beard and a dude.

The average human being today,

the average modern human,

is like a 24-year-old Chinese woman.

Next.

[Narrator 7] Neanderthals didn't pick off prey

from a safe distance with bows,

they got in close, terrifyingly close.

So let me show you the problem

with AI reconstructing a hunt.

It's true that Neanderthals

and other groups of humans hunted large animals.

Neanderthals seemed to do it a lot more maybe than others,

and they did get up close and stab it with stuff.

Loved to go in a time machine

and check out a Neanderthal hunt.

For the Neanderthal hunts,

there were male and female Neanderthals there,

different ages.

They were doing different kinds of things.

They were active.

They weren't just standing with a spear like,

Oh, let me stick the critter.

They were actually planning things out, moving around.

And those beasts, right?

The big wooly rhino, the mammoths,

other different kinds of things, cave bears,

those things were fighting back.

[Narrator 7] Driving heavy, thrusting spears

into animals like horses.

There's a lot.

The way the spear goes in here,

that's just bad AI,

but what's really fascinating is

this is a pretty contemporary-looking horse.

Horses haven't changed that much,

but over the last few hundred thousand years,

they've changed enough.

This horse probably would've been a little bit larger

and probably if it was this northern-living horse,

been a heck of a lot furrier.

Animal attacks. Okay,

So we're looking at a giant sort of European lions.

They sort of went extinct

probably at the end of the Pleistocene

10 to 20,000 years ago.

There used to be lots of European lions.

The last were hunted not that long ago.

There were lions in Europe a few thousand years ago.

[Narrator 7] Heavy, hard-working, cold-climate body

that simply burned more energy than we do.

Okay, so not all Neanderthals lived

in frozen cold environment.

In fact, most Neanderthals did not.

Many of them lived around the Mediterranean

where it wasn't cold at all, right?

North Africa and places like that.

So this whole idea that there's this big husky Neanderthal

adapted to frozen cold weather,

really living this harsh life,

that's just not true for Neanderthals across the board.

What's going on here

and why I like this piece of the AI video

is that this is a bunch of individuals

collaborating together to skin and de-flesh a giant mammoth.

And we know they did that

and we know they shared and worked together

to get done what had to get done.

[Narrator 7] One estimate suggests

they could haul 50 pounds of meat for nearly 30 miles.

Let's stop this for a second.

Why would a Neanderthal carry 50 pounds

or 30 pounds of meat on his back

by himself across long distances?

AI slop takes away the community, the group,

what was really going on

and paints these like lone hero,

hardcore, athletic, macho, Neanderthal guys.

Neanderthals didn't live alone.

They weren't only guys

and they didn't carry meat on their back for 50 miles.

So now you might be wondering

if you're one of the millions carrying Neanderthal DNA.

So that's a misstatement.

Pretty much all humans have Neanderthal DNA.

Some have a lot, some have very little,

some have more Denisovan DNA,

some have very little.

All of us have DNA from different ancestors

across different times.

Okay, so let's talk about this for a minute.

So if this host, this narrator, is AI-created,

let's unpack that for a moment.

Why is this the guy talking

about human evolution and Neanderthals?

Well, he's wearing an explorer hat,

so he must be an explorer.

He's an old white dude with a beard and seems rugged, right?

Why did AI not put in

one of the many, many, many, many women

who are researchers who study Neanderthals?

In fact, Rebecca Wragg Sykes

is one of the best scholars studying Neanderthals,

written a whole book on 'em.

Why is she not in there?

Who's studying the Neanderthals?

Who's doing cool work?

Yeah, some of the people study them are white dudes

who wear hats with white beards,

but very few.

[Narrator 7] There's one famous individual,

an older male,

lost the use of his right arm,

was struck in the face hard enough to blind one eye,

and had his ear canals so damaged by repeated injury

that he likely went deaf,

the community kept him alive.

And this is what's amazing,

and this video gets is totally right.

One of the most incredible things

that the Neanderthals gave us is a bunch of data,

a bunch of fossils and a bunch of bones

that clearly demonstrate

that Neanderthals helped each other out.

They cared for one another.

So many Neanderthals have broken bones,

different kinds of damage,

real things that could have killed them

if members of their group hadn't been there for them,

hadn't tended to them,

hadn't given them sort of leaves to dull the pain,

hadn't cleaned the wounds and bound them up

to protect them from being infected.

And we even have evidence of blind

and deaf and really infirm,

folks without teeth who are being helped

by their colleagues.

This AI slop that's really messy

at least is giving us something that's worth listening to.

Well, that's all the slop for today.

Thanks for watching.

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